The 2021 guidelines recognize that the 2017 World Workshop Classification has reclassified the diagnosis of periodontal diseases and conditions.1 Of particular relevance to children, the...

Children's gingivae typically appear reddish in colour with rounded and rolled gingival margins (Figure 1).1 In a healthy state, the gingival margin is several millimetres coronal to the...

An 8-year-old male presented at the paediatric dental clinic following referral from their general dental practitioner (GDP) with one maxillary permanent incisor (and a history of one primary...

A survey in the United Arab Emirates among GDPs and specialists in paediatric dentistry found that almost 85% of them believed in restoring rather than extracting cFPMs.7 Similarly, 94% of Norwegian...

MIH studies indicate its multifactorial nature, involving genetic and environmental factors.1 Some risk factors for MIH development include urinary tract infection during pregnancy, oxygen starvation...

A 3 years and 4 month old female patient attended a private care dental office in Morelia, Mexico due to the presence of spontaneous, acute pain, with a 3-day evolution in the upper right first...

Hypodontia refers to the developmental absence of any teeth excluding third molars. The overall prevalence in the general population has been reported as 1% in the primary dentition6 and 6% in the...

In 2013, nearly half of 8 year olds in England, Wales and Northern Ireland displayed some form of gingival inflammation.3 Furthermore, very few children and adolescents under the age of 16 were...

A fit and healthy 11-year-old female patient was referred to the paediatric dentistry department regarding a labially displaced maxillary right central incisor UR1 with a palatal accessory cusp. The...

Direct pulp capping, partial pulpotomy, coronal pulpotomy and pulpectomy have all being proposed as therapeutic approaches for the treatment of traumatically exposed pulps.7 Before deciding on...

A 4-year-old boy attended the paediatric dental emergency clinic with his father, who was concerned about a left-sided facial swelling that had been present for at least 1 month..

The relative risk of radiation is higher for children since the cells are more susceptible to the stochastic effects of radiation. In addition, the child is more likely to live long enough to see the...

Down syndrome is the most easily recognized chromosomal condition (Figure 2). Children with Down syndrome can present with complex medical histories. Medical conditions diagnosed are not in themselves...

Uncomplicated crown (enamel-dentine) fractures result in loss of enamel and dentine without exposure of the pulp.3 Dentine tubules become exposed and can act as a pathway for bacterial ingression...

Most patients with RAS are otherwise healthy, thus it is a diagnosis of exclusion. There are, however, a number of systemic conditions involving recurrent aphthous ulceration and are, therefore,...