Switch to Dark theme

References

Dunitz M. In: Greenwall Linda (ed). New York, London: Informa Healthcare; 2001
Douglas AT, Leinfelder KE, Geller W., 2nd edn. IL, USA: Quintessence Publishing; 2013
Strassler HE. Vital Tooth Bleaching: An Update. Mdental Continuing Education Course. 2006;
MondelliI RF, AzevedoII JF, Francisconi AC, Almeida CM, Ishikiriama SK. Comparative clinical study of the effectiveness of different dental bleaching methods – two year follow-up. J Appl Oral Sci. 2012; 20:435-443
Goldestein RE, Garber DA.New Malden: Quintessence Publishing Co Inc; 1995
Gladwin M, Bagby M. Clinical Aspects of Dental Materials. Theory, Practice, and Cases. 223-232
Kihn PW. Vital tooth whitening. Dent Clins N Am. 2007; 51:319-331
: American Dental Association; 2009
EU Council Directive 2011/84/EU. 2011;
Elfallah HM, Swain MV. A review of the effect of vital teeth bleaching on the mechanical properties of tooth enamel. N Z Dent J. 2013; 109:87-96
Goldberg M, Grootveld M, Lynch E. Undesirable and adverse effects of tooth-whitening products: a review. Clin Oral Investig. 2010; 14:1-10
Lee KH, Kim HI, Kim KH, Kwon YH. Mineral loss from bovine enamel by a 30% hydrogen peroxide solution. J Oral Rehabil. 2006; 33:229-233
Cavalli V, de Carvalho RM, Giannini M. Influence of carbamide peroxide-based bleaching agents on the bond strength of resin-enamel/dentin interfaces. Braz Oral Res. 2005; 19:23-29
Li Y, Greenwall L. Safety issues of tooth whitening using peroxide-based materials. Br Dent J. 2013; 215:29-34
Buchalla W, Attin T. External bleaching therapy with activation by heat, light, or laser – a systematic review. Dent Mater. 2007; 23:586-596
Joiner A. The bleaching of teeth: a review of the literature. J Dent. 2006; 34:412-431
Li Y Effect of light application on an in-office bleaching gel. J Dent Res. 2003; 82:(Spec Iss)
Luk K, Tam L, Hubert M. Effect of light energy on peroxide tooth bleaching. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004; 135:194-201
Li Y, Lee SS, Zheng M, Forde CA, Carino CM. Effect of light treatment on in vitro tooth bleaching efficacy. J Dent Res. 2006; 85:(Spec Iss A)
Kugel G, Papathanasiou A, Williams AJ, Anderson C, Ferreira S. Clinical evaluation of chemical and light-activated tooth whitening systems. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2006; 27:54-62
Papathanasiou A, Kasatali S, Perry RD, Kugel G. Clinical evaluation of a 35% hydrogen peroxide in-office whitening system. Comp Cont Dent Educ. 2002; 23:335-346
Suleiman M, MacDonald E, Rees JS, Addy M. Comparison of three in-office bleaching systems based on 35% hydrogen peroxide with different light activators. Am J Dent. 2005; 18:194-197
Kugel G, Ferreira S, Sharma S, Barker ML, Gerlach RW. Clinical trial assessing light enhancement of in-office tooth whitening. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2009; 21:336-347
Ghalili KM, Khawaled K, Rozen D, Afsahi V. Clinical study of the safety and effectiveness of a novel over-the-counter bleaching tray system. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2014; 6:15-19
Tung MS, Eichmiller FC. Dental applications of amorphous calcium phosphates. J Clin Dent. 1999; 10:1-6
Charakorn P, Cabanilla LL, Wagner WC, Poong WC, Shaheen J, Pregitzer R, Schneider D. The effect of preoperative ibuprofen on tooth sensitivity caused by in-office bleaching. Oper Dent. 2009; 34:131-135
Yates R, Owens J, Jackson R, Newcombe RG, Addy M. A split-mouth placebo-controlled study to determine the effect of amorphous calcium phosphate in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. J Clin Periodontol. 1998; 25:687-692
Maghaireh GA, Alzraikat H, Guidoum A. Assessment of the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on postoperative sensitivity associated with in-office vital tooth whitening. Oper Dent. 2014; 39:239-247
Albers H. Lightening natural teeth. ADEPT Report. 1991; 2:1-2
Khoroushi M, Ghazalgoo A. Effect of desensitizer application on shear bond strength of composite resin to bleached enamel. Indian J Dent Res. 2013; 24:87-92
Matis BA, Cochran MA, Eckert G. Review of the effectiveness of various tooth whitening systems. Oper Dent. 2009; 34:230-235

Frequently asked questions about vital tooth whitening

From Volume 44, Issue 1, January 2017 | Pages 56-63

Authors

Emilie Mchantaf

DESS, DU

Assistant Head of Clinic, Department of Restorative and Aesthetic Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon

Articles by Emilie Mchantaf

Hicham Mansour

DESS

Clinical Chief Assistant, Department of Restorative and Aesthetic Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon

Articles by Hicham Mansour

Joseph Sabbagh

DDS, MSc, PhD, FICD

Assistant Professor, Department of Conservative and Aesthetic Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut-Lebanon

Articles by Joseph Sabbagh

Mireille Feghali

DESS, DU

Head of Clinic, Department of Restorative and Aesthetic Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon

Articles by Mireille Feghali

Robbie J McConnell

BDS, FFD, PhD

Emeritus Professor, University Dental School and Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland (prof.robert.mcconnell@gmail.com)

Articles by Robbie J McConnell

Abstract

Improving patients' aesthetics is an important request in daily practice. Tooth whitening is a treatment option available for improving aesthetics. This paper will pose questions asked by our patients on bleaching techniques and outcomes and offer appropriate up-to-date answers.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: This paper addresses the most important questions raised by patients and colleagues concerning vital tooth whitening (VTW).

Article

Tooth discoloration is a common problem affecting patients of all ages. The dental profession has used numerous chemicals and methods to remove discoloration from teeth over many years.1

Dental bleaching is a chemical process that uses oxidizing agents on tooth surfaces to penetrate the enamel and dentine, resulting in a change of colour.2

Numerous techniques and products with different concentrations are available to the profession and direct over-the-counter (OTC) products are available to the patient.3

The aim of this article is to answer frequently asked questions about bleaching.

Tooth colour is determined by a combination of the different optical properties of enamel, dentine and pulp. Tooth discolorations vary in aetiology, appearance and severity, and are categorized as intrinsic or extrinsic. Some of these occur during tooth formation and others afterwards. It is important to identify the correct aetiology in order to obtain an effective treatment.4,5

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting Dental Update and reading some of our resources. To read more, please register today. You’ll enjoy the following great benefits:

What's included

  • Up to 2 free articles per month
  • New content available

Already have an account? Sign in here