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Stem cells are defined as clonogenic, unspecialized cells capable of both self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation, contributing to regenerating specific tissues. For years, restorative treatments have exploited the lifelong regenerative potential of dental pulp stem cells to give rise to tertiary dentine, which is therapeutically employed for direct and indirect pulp capping. Current applications of stem cells in endodontic research have revealed their potential to continue root development in necrotic immature teeth and transplanted/replanted teeth. Successful application of pulp revascularization is highlighted here with support of a clinical case report. This article also discusses the role of dental stem cells as a promising tool for regeneration of individual tissue types like dentine, pulp and even an entire functional tooth.
CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article will help practising dental surgeons understand the significance of stem cells in dentistry. Clinicians can harness the potential of stem cells using procedures like pulp regeneration/revascularization in endodontics and improve their knowledge on the recent advances in tissue engineering and future applications of dental-derived stem cells.
Article
Stem cells are a unique type of cell that have a specialized capacity for self-renewal and potency, which can give rise to one and sometimes many different cell types. They aid in the replacement of cells that are lost through normal wear, injury or disease.1 Stem cells can be broadly divided into:
Post-natal stem cells are multipotent stem cells and have been harvested from different kinds of tissues like bone marrow, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, brain tissue, liver, pancreas, cornea, dental pulp, and adipose tissue. These stem cells are comparatively easier to isolate, do not have any ethical issues and are commonly used in current day practice.2
The oral and maxillofacial region can be treated with stem cells from the following sources:
Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) can be harvested from sternum or iliac crest and are composed of both hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The majority of oro-maxillofacial oral structures are formed from mesenchymal cells. BMSCs exhibit the ability to generate osteoid and odontoid structures and have demonstrated good ability to form tooth-supporting periodontal structures like cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone, suggesting their potential use for treating periodontal diseases.3
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