Surgery and radiation are the only definitive treatment modalities for both early and locally advanced mouth cancer. Surgical resection, wherein the tumour is completely removed with uninvolved...

Now recognized as infection with the bacterium Treponema pallidum and known for centuries, a syphilis epidemic broke out among the soldiers of Charles VIII of France. In 1495 he invaded Naples, and by...

Coping with a diagnosis of cancer, both practically and emotionally, is taxing for all concerned. Patients are likely to feel very upset, frightened, confused and out of control. They need support. It...

(a) Lepromatous leprosy (LL) is a chronic bacterial infection with the acid fast bacillus (Mycobacterium leprae), rare in the developed world, but still seen. It is characterized by a variety of...

Generally speaking, the earlier a cancer is found and treated, the better the outcome is likely to be with lesser adverse treatment sequelae. In general, cancer prognosis decreases with advanced...

Clinical diagnosis of an early cancer can be quite straightforward if the clinician has adequate level of awareness and suspicion, but potentally malignant disorders (PMDs) that are likely to...

The new NHS Immigration Health Surcharge for temporary migrants, students and their dependents came into effect from April 2015.4 This surcharge ensures that temporary, non-EEA (European Economic...

Some mouth cancers are preceded by clinically obvious potentially malignant disorders (PMDs). There is a range of PMDs known but the most important recognized are erythroplakia (erythroplasia),...

The cause of cancer in most people is still unknown but risk depends on a combination of genes, environment and aspects of our lives (Article 1). It is impossible to control some mouth cancer risk...

(a) Stroke is characterized by loss of brain activities (temporary or not), usually due to ischaemia or haemorrhage, causing an inability to move limbs, speak and/or understand and see. The main...