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Diabetes mellitus: an update for the general dental practitioner

From Volume 45, Issue 8, September 2018 | Pages 750-759

Authors

Farya Domah

BA, BDentSc(TCD), MFDS RCS(Edin), MSc Oral Surgery (Distinction) (UCLan),

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH

Articles by Farya Domah

Email Farya Domah

Javed Domah

BSc

University of Dublin, Trinity College, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland

Articles by Javed Domah

Nirmal Shah

BDS, MFDS RCS(Edin), MSc Aesthetic Medicine (Distinction) (QMUL), PGCE

Barnes Hill Dental Surgery, 267 Barnes Hill, Selly Oak, Birmingham, B29 5TX, UK

Articles by Nirmal Shah

Raunaq Shah

BDS(Birm), MFDS RCS(Edin), MJDF RCS(Eng),

Barnes Hill Dental Surgery, 267 Barnes Hill, Selly Oak, Birmingham, B29 5TX, UK

Articles by Raunaq Shah

Abstract

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is an increasing public health concern and has been declared a pandemic. The incidence of diabetes is approximately 422 million worldwide. It is a chronic syndrome of hyperglycemia with anomalies in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism due to lack of insulin production, decreased cellular sensitivity to insulin, or both. Diabetes has a complex multifactorial aetiology and has a profound systemic effect on the body. Diabetes also has grave oral implications. In fact, the diagnosis of certain oral conditions can even precede the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. As such, as front line clinicians, dentists must remain ever vigilant of its signs and symptoms.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: General dental practitioners encounter patients suffering from diabetes mellitus on a daily basis. A clear understanding of this disease process will ensure that patients suffering from this condition are managed appropriately. For example correct wound management and treatment of infection; and will allow clinicians to remain vigilant of other associated oral conditions.

Article

Diabetes is a chronic syndrome of hyperglycemia with anomalies in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism due to lack of insulin production, decreased cellular sensitivity to insulin or both.1,2,3 Most cases of diabetes fall within two main categories:

Diabetes is a major cause of multi-organ failure, heart attacks, blindness and nephropathy. It is an increasing public health concern and has been declared a pandemic.4 The incidence of diabetes is approximately 422 million worldwide, with 1.5 million deaths attributed to it in 2012.5

Twin studies have demonstrated that genetic susceptibility plays a vital role in the aetiology of Type II diabetes. An increased susceptibility can also be inherited in Type I diabetes, but to a lesser extent than in Type II.6 An early study found impaired glucose tolerance in 30% of subjects who were close relatives of diabetics, as opposed to 6% of subjects who had no diabetic relatives.7 The HLA-DR3 and DR4 serotypes increase an individual's susceptibility to diabetes 14-fold.8 Difference in glucose metabolism is a key factor in Type II diabetes and studies show differences amongst different races. β-cell function is thought to be inheritable.9 However, the precise role of genetics in diabetes remains indeterminate as environmental factors also play a modifying role.6

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