Littlewood SJ, Kandasamy S, Huang G. Retention and relapse in clinical practice. Aust Dent J. 2017; 62:51-57
de Bernabe PG, Montiel-Company JM, Paredes-Gallardo V Orthodontic treatment stability predictors: a retrospective longitudinal study. Angle Orthod. 2017; 87:223-229
Freitas KMS, Guirro WJG, de Freitas DS, de Freitas MR, Janson G. Relapse of anterior crowding 3 and 33 years postretention. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017; 152:798-810
Sinclair PM, Little RM. Maturation of untreated normal occlusions. Am J Orthod. 1983; 83:114-123
Behrents RG, Harris EF, Vaden JL, Williams RA, Kemp DH. Relapse of orthodontic treatment results: growth as an etiologic factor. J Charles H Tweed Int Found. 1989; 17:65-80
Meade MJ, Millett D. Retention protocols and use of vacuum-formed retainers among specialist orthodontists. J Orthod. 2013; 40:318-325
Meade MJ, Dreyer CW. A survey of retention and retainer practices of orthodontists in Australia. Aust Orthod J. 2019; 35:174-183
Dogramaci EJ, Rossi-Fedele G. The quality of information on the Internet on orthodontic retainer wear: a cross-sectional study. J Orthod. 2016; 43:47-58
Singh P, Grammati S, Kirschen R. Orthodontic retention patterns in the United Kingdom. J Orthod. 2009; 36:115-121
Salehi P, Heidari S, Tanideh N, Torkan S. Effect of low-level laser irradiation on the rate and short-term stability of rotational tooth movement in dogs. Am J Orthod. 2015; 147:578-586
Hirate Y, Yamaguchi M, Kasai K. Effects of relaxin on relapse and periodontal tissue remodeling after experimental tooth movement in rats. Connective Tissue Res. 2012; 53:207-219
Hawley CA. A removable retainer. Int J Orthod Oral Surg. 1919; 5:291-305
Sheridan JJ, LeDoux W, McMinn R. Essix retainers: fabrication and supervision for permanent retention. J Clin Orthod. 1993; 27:37-45
Al-Moghrabi D, Salazar FC, Pandis N, Fleming PS. Compliance with removable orthodontic appliances and adjuncts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017; 152:17-32
Al-Moghrabi D, Pandis N, Fleming PS. The effects of fixed and removable orthodontic retainers: a systematic review. Prog Orthod. 2016; 17
Pratt MC, Kluemper GT, Lindstrom AF. Patient compliance with orthodontic retainers in the postretention phase. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011; 140:196-201
Al-Moghrabi D, Johal A, O'Rourke N Effects of fixed vs removable orthodontic retainers on stability and periodontal health: 4-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018; 154:167-174
Lai C, Grossen J, Renkema A-M, Bronkhorst E, Fudalej P, Katsaros C. Orthodontic retention procedures in Switzerland. Swiss Dent J. 2013; 124:655-661
Padmos JA, Fudalej PS, Renkema AM. Epidemiologic study of orthodontic retention procedures. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018; 153:496-504
Habegger M, Renkema AM, Bronkhorst E, Fudalej PS, Katsaros C. A survey of general dentists regarding orthodontic retention procedures. Eur J Orthod. 2017; 39:69-75
Kotecha S, Gale S, Khamashta-Ledezma L A multicentre audit of GDPs knowledge of orthodontic retention. Br Dent J. 2015; 218:649-653
Bearn DR. Bonded orthodontic retainers: a review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995; 108:207-213
Green JIJ. Dental materials: the multi-stranded wire retainer. BDJ Team. 2015; 1
Abudiak H, Shelton A, Spencer RJ, Burns L, Littlewood SJ. A complication with orthodontic fixed retainers: a case report. Ortho Update. 2011; 4:112-117
Little RM. Clinical implications of the University of Washington post-retention studies. J Clin Orthod. 2009; 43:645-651
Patel A, Sandler J. First aid for orthodontic retainers. Dent Update. 2010; 37:627-630
Zachrisson BU. Multistranded wire bonded retainers: from start to success. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015; 148:724-727
Rinchuse DJ, Miles PG, Sheridan JJ. Orthodontic retention and stability: a clinical perspective. J Clin Orthod. 2007; 41:125-132
Johnston C, Littlewood S. Retention in orthodontics. Br Dent J. 2015; 218:119-122
Kucera J, Marek I. Unexpected complications associated with lower fixed retainers. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016; 149:202-211
Lee KD, Mills CM. Bond failure rates for V-loop vs straight wire lingual retainers. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009; 135:502-506
Rose E, Frucht S, Jonas IE. Clinical comparison of a multistranded wire and a direct-bonded polyethylene ribbon-reinforced resin composite used for lingual retention. Quintessence Int. 2002; 33:579-583
Bolla E, Cozzani M, Doldo T, Fontana M. Failure evaluation after a 6-year retention period: a comparison between glass fiber-reinforced and multistranded bonded retainers. Int Orthod. 2012; 10:16-28
Salehi P, Zarif Najafi H, Roeinpeikar SM. Comparison of survival time between two types of orthodontic fixed retainer: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Prog Orthod. 2013; 14
Foek DL, Ozcan M, Krebs E, Sandham A. Adhesive properties of bonded orthodontic retainers to enamel: stainless steel wire vs fiber-reinforced composites. J Adhes Dent. 2009; 11:381-390
Lodha S, Kumar S, Mehta S. Technique tips – Active lingual retainer. Dent Update. 2014; 41
Kravitz ND, Grauer D, Schumacher P, Jo YM. Memotain: a CAD/CAM nickel-titanium lingual retainer. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017; 151:812-815
Moskowitz EM, Park MB, Maestre ME. Direct bonding of Ortho Flextech lingual retainers. J Clin Orthod. 2004; 38:554-556
Pandis N, Fleming PS, Kloukos D, Polychronopoulou A, Katsaros C, Eliades T. Survival of bonded lingual retainers with chemical or photo polymerization over a 2-year period: a single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013; 144:169-175
Gange P. The evolution of bonding in orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015; 147:S56-S63
Artun J, Spadafora AT, Shapiro PA. A 3-year follow-up study of various types of orthodontic canine-to-canine retainers. Eur J Orthod. 1997; 19:501-509
Waring DT, Cappelli R. The Manchester positioner – dual retention made easy. J Orthod. 2009; 36:111-114
Egli F, Bovali E, Kiliaridis S, Cornelis MA. Indirect vs direct bonding of lower fixed retainers in orthodontic patients: comparison of retainer failures and posttreatment stability. A 2-year follow-up of a single-center randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017; 151:15-27
Andrén A, Asplund J, Azarmidohkt E, Svensson R, Varde P, Mohlin B. A clinical evaluation of long term retention with bonded retainers made from multi-strand wires. Swed Dent J. 1998; 22:123-131
Conway M, Littlewood SJ, Hodge TM, Nelson-Moon Z. Bonded retainers placed under rubber dam: an exploratory RCT. J Orthod. 2011; 38
Feilzer AJ, Laeijendecker R, Kleverlaan CJ, van Schendel P, Muris J. Facial eczema because of orthodontic fixed retainer wires. Contact Derm. 2008; 59:118-120
Littlewood SJ, Millett DT, Doubleday B, Bearn DR, Worthington HV. Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;
Edman Tynelius G, Bondemark L, Lilja-Karlander E. A randomized controlled trial of three orthodontic retention methods in Class I four premolar extraction cases – stability after 2 years in retention. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2013; 16:105-115
O'Rourke N, Albeedh H, Sharma P, Johal A. Effectiveness of bonded and vacuum-formed retainers: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016; 150:406-415
Forde K, Storey M, Littlewood SJ, Scott P, Luther F, Kang J. Bonded versus vacuum-formed retainers: a randomized controlled trial. Part 1: stability, retainer survival, and patient satisfaction outcomes after 12 months. Eur J Orthod. 2018; 40:387-398
Edman Tynelius G, Petrén S, Bondemark L, Lilja-Karlander E. Five-year postretention outcomes of three retention methods – a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Orthod. 2014; 37:345-353
Krämer A, Sjöström M, Hallman M, Feldmann I. Vacuum-formed retainer versus bonded retainer for dental stabilization in the mandible – a randomized controlled trial. Part I: retentive capacity 6 and 18 months after orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjz072
Storey M, Forde K, Littlewood SJ, Scott P, Luther F, Kang J. Bonded versus vacuum-formed retainers: a randomized controlled trial. Part 2: periodontal health outcomes after 12 months. Eur J Orthod. 2018; 40:399-408
Meade MJ, Weston A, Dreyer CW. Valid consent and orthodontic treatment. Aust Orthod J. 2019; 35:35-45
Alkadhimi A, Sharif M. Orthodontic retention: a clinical guide for the GDP. Dent Update. 2019; 46:848-860
Professor of Orthodontics/Consultant, Orthodontic Unit, Cork University Dental School and Hospital, University College Cork, Wilton, Cork, Republic of Ireland
Indefinite retention is now considered essential to prevent relapse after orthodontic treatment. Compliance with removable retainer wear is suboptimal and appears to decline with time post-treatment. As a result, use of bonded retainers may become more commonplace in the future. In this narrative review, the characteristics of bonded retainers are outlined and a summary of the evidence from randomized clinical trials regarding their effectiveness is provided. Guidance is also offered regarding care and maintenance.
CPD/Clinical Relevance: All general dental practitioners (GDPs) should be familiar with types of bonded retainers, evidence relating to their effectiveness and the GDP's role regarding their care and maintenance.
Article
Relapse is the return, following orthodontic correction, of the features of the original malocclusion.1 Retention is the phase, following active orthodontic treatment, that attempts to maintain teeth in their corrected positions.2 Relapse is variable and unpredictable, with lower anterior segment alignment and overbite appearing to be the least stable orthodontically-corrected occlusal features.2,3,4
Facial growth continues throughout life and this may lead to unwanted and variable occlusal changes, such as the development of lower incisor imbrication. These changes are ‘normal’ physiological changes and occur in both orthodontically-treated and untreated individuals.3,5,6 Retention procedures, therefore, may be considered necessary to minimize the occlusal effects of these age changes, as well as to maintain the results of orthodontic correction.
Register now to continue reading
Thank you for visiting Dental Update and reading some of our resources. To read more, please register today. You’ll enjoy the following great benefits:
