Surgical crown lengthening is designed to increase the length of the clinical crown. Crown lengthening techniques have been traditionally used as an adjunct to restorative procedures, particularly in...

Periodontal disease is a multifactorial, polymicrobial and polygenic disease with variable clinical features, with the primary aetiological agent being the specific bacterial pathogens....

Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases is classified in Table 1.1.

Definition: Plaque-induced gingivitis is defined as inflammation of the gingiva in the absence of clinical attachment loss.23.