Glass ionomer cements (GICs) were developed in the early 1970s, being a combination of a fluoro-alumino-silicate (FAS) glass, mixed with a polyacrylic acid.34 Principal advantages of GIC materials...

A complex range of interrelated factors combine to determine the overall aesthetic properties of each individual patient's smile. Principles of ‘smile design’ are well-documented and the dental...

The preparation required prior to post removal will vary depending on what type of post is present and what technique for removal is going to be used. The tooth should be isolated (preferably with...

Management of tooth surface loss can be challenging, especially if extensive tooth tissue has been lost. An accurate diagnosis of the aetiology is important in identifying the causative factors and...

In the dental literature, the reported failure rate of post-retained restorations is very variable. Whilst a review of the literature in 2003 by Goodacre et al found that the incidence of...

The result of this process is loss of hard dental tissues (ie cementum and dentine) by dentinoclastic cell action. The function of dentinoclasts is controlled by various activating and preventing...

‘The permanent mandibular incisors occluding posterior to the cingulum plateau of retroclined permanent maxillary incisors.’
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Composite can potentially be used for a variety of restorations, in anterior and posterior teeth. Wear and strength properties of the material are now adequate for acceptable longevity of...

Fractured roots are mostly diagnosed shortly after injury although, if the patient does not attend the dentist at the time, they may sometimes be found at subsequent routine dental appointments....

Table 1 summarizes the anatomical features that need recording dependent upon the prosthesis to be constructed, their clinical relevance and problems that may be encountered if not incorporated...

The aims of treatment are to remove sources of infection or pain, restore aesthetics and protect posterior teeth from wear.6,7 Patients present with this condition affecting their teeth to various...

It is clear from the dental literature that plaque is the major risk factor in the development of caries and periodontal disease.2,3 A fixed prosthesis has the potential to increase plaque...

A technique traditionally favoured by many clinicians is the use of articulated study models and the diagnostic wax-up. It involves a lab technician adding wax to an articulated model of the patient's...

In ancient history zircon was known to be a gem. The name zirconium comes from Zargon which translates from Arabic to golden in colour. Zargon is a composite of two Persian words; Zar meaning gold and...

Nylon denture base resins first became available in the 1950s and have recently found some popularity in the UK for the fabrication of partial dentures. Nylon's flexible nature facilitates the...