Abnormal frena are detected visually by applying tension over the frenum to see the movement of the papillary tip or the blanch that is produced due to ischaemia in the region. Miller et al...

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) are the two major forms of vitamin D – a secosteroid.9 In this article, the term vitamin D will refer to both forms..

Halitosis (from the Latin for breath, halitus and the Greek suffix osis, meaning abnormal)1 is the presence of unpleasant or offensive breath odour independent of its origin. Halitosis can have major...

The World Health Organization1 describes health in holistic terms as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’. This definition is...

During radiotherapy treatment, on average 6 weeks, a patient may not be seen in the outpatient's department. The next appointment will take place after radiotherapy, chemotherapy or surgical...

The importance of optimal plaque control and oral hygiene practices is universally accepted. Facilitating effective self-performed oral hygiene practices can be challenging. For those patients who are...

Gingival recession is defined as displacement of the gingival margin apical to the cementoenamel junction, with associated exposure of the root surface.9,10,11 In the most recent Adult Dental Health...

In 2011, a 32-year-old patient was referred to the University Dental Hospital of Manchester (UDHM) for restoration of dental implants. In 2007, the patient suffered significant facial gunshot injuries...

Over the last five decades, various oral health initiatives have been tested and employed in many populations around the world with the aim of preventing and treating periodontitis. Despite this, a...

The following systemic factors will be briefly discussed to establish the association between them and various forms of periodontitis. The aim is not to provide a comprehensive review of these...

This stimulus for the present publication is primarily the publication of the New 2017 Classification of Periodontal Diseases.7 Of course, a new classification scheme does not alter the clinical...

After carrying out the necessary special investigations and diagnosing either gingivitis or periodontitis, the clinician should explain to the patient the causes and progression of the disease,...

This relates to periodontal disease management as well as inappropriate use of antibiotics in dentistry as a whole. The use of antibiotics leads to the development of resistant strains of bacteria....

For most practitioners, the Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE) would be a familiar screening tool for entry into periodontal therapy. There is growing recognition, now reaffirmed by the 2017 World...

Gingival recession has a complex and multifactorial aetiology. If left to progress, its sequelae can include dentine hypersensitivity, tooth abrasion, carious root lesions and patient-related...