The dentist decides how many copings will be used to retain the superstructure following a thorough clinical and radiographic examination. As previously discussed, higher success rates are observed...

The first and most important step for both clinician and patient is the detailed investigation of why the patient is unhappy with his/her dental appearance.

Recent advances in CT have seen the development of Cone Beam CT (CBCT) scanners. These are increasingly being used in imaging of the head and neck to create axial, coronal, sagittal and 3-Dimensional...

There was a wide age range of patients that were treated following joint consultation between orthodontic and restorative clinicians. The majority of patients were adolescents, the mean age at the...

When considering restorations for teeth that have suffered significant tissue loss, the decision faced by the dentist may be either to place a large direct restoration or consider an indirect...

Dentine is a naturally sensitive tissue. When an otherwise harmless stimulus contacts freshly cut dentine, pain may be experienced. Historically, numerous attempts have been made either to reduce or...

As traditional dental materials, in particular dental amalgam, have no inherent ability to bond to tooth tissue, they have to be retained in an unretentive cavity by mechanical means, this being a...

Glass ionomer cements (GICs) were developed in the early 1970s, being a combination of a fluoro-alumino-silicate (FAS) glass, mixed with a polyacrylic acid.34 Principal advantages of GIC materials...

A complex range of interrelated factors combine to determine the overall aesthetic properties of each individual patient's smile. Principles of ‘smile design’ are well-documented and the dental...

The preparation required prior to post removal will vary depending on what type of post is present and what technique for removal is going to be used. The tooth should be isolated (preferably with...

Management of tooth surface loss can be challenging, especially if extensive tooth tissue has been lost. An accurate diagnosis of the aetiology is important in identifying the causative factors and...

In the dental literature, the reported failure rate of post-retained restorations is very variable. Whilst a review of the literature in 2003 by Goodacre et al found that the incidence of...

The result of this process is loss of hard dental tissues (ie cementum and dentine) by dentinoclastic cell action. The function of dentinoclasts is controlled by various activating and preventing...

‘The permanent mandibular incisors occluding posterior to the cingulum plateau of retroclined permanent maxillary incisors.’
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